letrozole

letrozole side effects Randomized grouping studies have shown that daily oral ingestion of 2.5mg Letrozole leads to a 33% rate of drug-related negative reactions, a percentage much lower than AG group’s 46%. Negative reactions to Letrozole are mostly mild or moderate, consisting mostly of nausea (2-9%), headache (0-7%), bone pain (4-10%), hot flashes (0-9%) and weight gain (2-8%). Other uncommon side effects include constipation, diarrhea, itching, rash, joint pain, chest pain, abdominal pain, fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, edema, high blood pressure, arrhythmia, thrombosis, dyspnea, vaginal bleeding, etc.

Chemical Properties white to light yellow crystal
Uses A nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor structurally related to Fadrozole. Antineoplastic

Uses Letrozole has been used:
in organoid growth assay to determine its inhibitory capacity(48)
to investigate steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) mediated endogenous estrogen regulation of hippocampal PSD-95(49)
to determine its effects on tumor-induced hyperalgesia(50)
for hormonal manipulation in rats(51)
to study its effects on lipocalin-2 (Lcn2)(52)
to determine its effects on mechanical hyperalgesia and aromatase expression(53)

Definition

ChEBI: Letrozole is a member of triazoles and a nitrile. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and an EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor.
Manufacturing Process From 4-bromomethylbenzonitrile and 1H-[1,2,4]triazole was obtained 4- [1,2,4]triazol-1-ylmethylbenzonitrile. Treatment of that with strong base (tertBuOK) results in formation of the anion by removal of the relatively acidic benzyl proton. This anion was condensed with p-fluorobenzinitrile to give benzhydryl tetrazole (Letrozole)
Brand name Femara (Novar tis).

Therapeutic Function Antineoplastic

General Description Letrozole, 4,4′-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethylene)dibenzonitrile (Femara), is used for most of thesame indications as anastrozole. It reduces concentrations ofestrogens by 75% to 95%, with maximal suppressionachieved within 2 to 3 days. Letrozole is specific for aromataseinhibition, with no additional effects on adrenal corticoidbiosynthesis. CYPs 3A4 and 2A6 are involved in themetabolism of letrozole to the major carbinol metabolite,which is inactive. The loss of the triazole ring, which is involvedin coordination of the heme iron, would explain theloss of activity. Letrozole strongly inhibits CYP2A6 invitro, with moderate inhibition of CYP2C19. The effect ofthis in vitro inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of coadministereddrugs is unknown. Tamoxifen reduces the levels ofletrozole significantly if they are used together, so combinationtreatment with these agents is not recommended.

Biological Activity

Letrozole is a potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of aromatase (IC50 = 2 nM). It inhibits proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) MCF-7 cells when used alone at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 nM and when used at a concentration of 10 nM in combination with testosterone or 4-androstene-3,17-dione. It also reduces matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 levels in MCF-7 cells when used at a concentration of 10 nM. Letrozole (10 μg per day) reduces tumor growth in an MCF-7Ca ovariectomized-mouse xenograft model. Formulations containing letrozole have been used in the treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Letrozole is a third generation nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. It is a competitive inhibitor of the aromatase enzyme system and thus inhibits the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Letrozole inhibits the aromatase enzyme by competitively binding to the heme of the cytochrome P450 subunit of the enzyme, resulting in a reduction of estrogen biosynthesis in all tissues.

Mechanism of action

Inhibition of arom atase by letrazole is competitive and highly specific , with no effect on enzymes that are responsible for the production of glucocorticosteroids and mineralocorticosteroids. This agent is significantly more effective than tamoxifen in treating horm one-dependent cancer.

Clinical Use

Femara was launched in France and the UK for second-line treatment of advanced breast cancer. Letrazole can be synthesized in two steps from 4- bromomethyl-benzonitrile with 1,2,4-triazole and is a third generation aromatase inhibitor. It is a highly specific inhibitor of P450arom which prevents the conversion of androstenedione to estrone. The reduction of plasma estrogen was immediate and long lasting. This is accomplished with no inhibition of other steroid biosynthesis making it the most selective aromatase inhibitor tested. Letrazole has remarkable antitumor activity, is well tolerated and has no toxic side effects. It is 10,000 times more potent than aminoglutethimide, in vivo, the first well established aromatase inhibitor.
storage Store at +4°C