,

Progesterone

CAS: 57-83-0

Synonyms: PROGESTERONE-WATER SOLUBLE;progestin;PROGESTERONE;PRIMOLUT;Glanducorpin;Gynlutin;gynoluton;Gynolutone
MF: C21H30O2
MW: 314.46
EINECS: 200-350-6
Product Categories: Plant extract;Pharma material;Intracellular receptor;Steroid and Hormone;API;ENDOMETRIN;FINISHED MEDICINE;Steroids;ketone;Biochemistry;Steroids (Others);Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;Inhibitors;MI;57-83-0
Mol File: 57-83-0.mol

Categories: , Tag:

Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens and is the major progestogen in the body. Progesterone has a variety of important functions in the body. It is also a crucial metabolic intermediate in the production of other endogenous steroids, including the sex hormones and the corticosteroids, and plays an important role in brain function as a neurosteroid.

In addition to its role as a natural hormone, progesterone is also used as a medication, such as in combination with estrogen for contraception, to reduce the risk of uterine or cervical cancer, in hormone replacement therapy, and in feminizing hormone therapy. It was first prescribed in 1934.

Distribution

It binds extensively to plasma proteins, including albumin (50–54%) and transcortin (43–48%). It has similar affinity for albumin relative to the PR.

Metabolism
The metabolism of It is rapid and extensive and occurs mainly in the liver, though enzymes that metabolize progesterone are also expressed widely in the brain, skin, and various other extrahepatic tissues.It has an elimination half-life of only approximately 5 minutes in circulation. The metabolism of progesterone is complex, and it may form as many as 35 different unconjugated metabolites when it is ingested orally.Progesterone is highly susceptible to enzymatic reduction via reductases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases due to its double bond (between the C4 and C5 positions) and its two ketones (at the C3 and C20 positions).

Medical use

Main articles: Progesterone (medication), Pharmacodynamics of progesterone, and Pharmacokinetics of It.
Progesterone is used as a medication. It is used in combination with estrogens mainly in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women. It may also be used alone to treat menopausal symptoms. Studies have shown that transdermal progesterone (skin patch) and oral micronized It are effective treatments for certain symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes and night sweats, which are otherwise referred to as vasomotor symptoms or VMS.

It is also used in women to support pregnancy and fertility and to treat gynecological disorders.It has been shown to prevent miscarriage in women with 1) vaginal bleeding early in their current pregnancy and 2) a previous history of miscarriage. Progesterone can be taken by mouth, through the vagina, and by injection into muscle or fat, among other routes.

Description
What is Progesterone is a hormone released by luteal cells in the ovaries which contains 21 Carbon Atoms. Progesterone is also a crucial metabolic intermediate in the production of other endogenous steroids. There are two crystal forms of progesterone, that are type-α and type-β, the two types have similar physiological activity. Type-α is precipitated from dilute ethanol as orthorhombic white prismatic crystal, while type-β is orthorhombic white needle crystal, they are both insoluble in water, but soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, chloroform, acetone, dioxane and concentrated sulfuric acid.
Progesterone can be released by the ovary, placenta and adrenal cortex. Its physiological function mainly manifests in promoting estrogen treated over thicken lining of the uterus to continue the development, proliferation and thickening and hypertrophy, soften and secretion of mucus in order to make good condition for implantation of the fertilized egg. After the implantation, early stage survival and development of fertilized egg is also under the control of the high progesterone release.
As a result, progesterone is a very important hormone in the female reproductive system, and it is also an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. All steroid hormone releasable glands can produce progesterone, but only ovarian and placenta can release progesterone as the main hormone. Ovarian will release large amount of progesterone in the luteal phase after ovulation by granulose luteal cells, so progesterone is also named as progestin. Progesterone will decrease in result of corpus luteum atrophy. For normal women, placenta will becomes the main organ maintain progesterone after 8 to 9 weeks of pregnancy, accompany with the ovary releasing until the end of pregnancy.progesterone only birth control.
Uses The main physiological effects of progesterone:
1. It can maintain the female animal pregnancy, and cause a series of physiological changes, such as inhibition of female estrus.
2. It has the power to promote the thickening of the lining of the uterus, promote the bending of the gland and to increase secretion function.
3. It can inhibit the peristalsis of the uterus, and contribute to the cervix contraction, secretion of mucus, etc.. These physiological changes provide suitable environment for the operation, growth and development of early embryos, as well as the continued growth of the fetus.
4. Small amount of It is also used in combination with the hormone estrogen to promote female estrus. The synergy between progesterone and prolactin can promote the development of mammary glands.
5. It is involved in the feedback regulation of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, which makes the balance of the animal reproductive hormones. In vivo, progesterone content of all sorts of livestock follicular phase is below 1 ng/ml, while in bovine corpus luteum period is approximately 4 ng/ml, pregnancy period is about 18 ng/ml.
6. Formerly biochemical study shows that progesterone modulates action as progestogens, clinical for the treatment of habitual abortion, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and other symptoms. One of progesterone’s most important functions is as hormone drugs, to promote and maintain the uterine changes in the early stage of pregnancy, used in habitual abortion, irregular menstruation, etc.. In addition, progesterone also behaves as steroid hormone drug as well as progestogens, which is used in treatment of threatened abortion.
Description
Progesterone, along with pregnenolone, is the biosynthetic precursor of all other steroid hormones. It is synthesized from cholesterol by the sequential action of desmolase in the mitochondria. Which produces pregnenolone, followed by Δ4,5-isomerase in the outer mitochondrial membrane and smooth endoplasmic reticulum of steroid-secreting cells. Progesterone activates the human progesterone receptor with an EC50 value of 0.5 nM.low on progesterone symptoms
Chemical Properties White powder. Melting point 121°C. Stable in air. Insoluble in water. A female sex hormone. Low toxicity.
Occurrence Colchicum luteum also yields this alkaloid.
Uses Prog is used as a contraceptive, for amenorrhea, for premenopausal syndrome, infertility, incomplete pregnancies, and anovulatory uterine bleeding.
Uses Steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum. Induces maturation and secretory activity of the uterine endothelium; suppresses ovulation. It is implicated in the etiology of breast cancer.This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).
Definition
ChEBI: Progesterone is a C21-steroid hormone in which a pregnane skeleton carries oxo substituents at positions 3 and 20 and is unsaturated at C(4)-C(5). As a hormone, it is involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It has a role as a contraceptive drug, a progestin, a progesterone receptor agonist, a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. And a 20-oxo steroid, a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid and a C21-steroid hormone. Also derives from a hydride of a pregnane.progesterone side effects
IUPAC name

Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
Systematic IUPAC name
(1S,3aS,3bS,9aR,9bS,11aS)-1-Acetyl-9a,11a-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,3b,4,5,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-7H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one
Other names
P4; Pregnenedione

Properties

Chemical formula C21H30O2
Molar mass 314.469 g/mol
Melting point 126
log P 4.04[4]
Pharmacology
ATC code G03DA04 (WHO)
Routes of administration By mouth, topical/transdermal, vaginal, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, subcutaneous implant
Pharmacokinetics:
Bioavailability OMP: <10%
Protein binding • Albumin: 80%
CBG: 18%
SHBG: <1%

Free: 1–2%
Metabolism Hepatic (CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, 5α-reductase, 3α-HSDTooltip 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17α-hydroxylase, 21-hydroxylase, 20α-HSDTooltip 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)
Biological half-life OMP: 16–18 hours
IM: 22–26 hours
SC: 13–18 hours
Excretion Renal

More Introduction:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone

Related products